Using
Quotations
There are three key things that you need to bear in mind when using
quotations in your essays:
Keep it short:
Examiners want to see that you can pick out with precision the
techniques that a writer has used to create an effect on the audience. If you
have really long quotations then this suggests to the examiner that you know
that something in amongst all those words is having an effect but you can’t
quite work out exactly what it is: keeping your quotations down to 2 or 3
highly relevant words shows that you are really sensitive to the effects of
individual literary features. If you do need to using a longer quotation then
be careful to pick out the key words in your analysis. Having said that there
are times when you need to refer to whole chunks of text as evidence. In this
case you tend not to actually need quotations because you are not referring to
the effects of individual words but instead of something much bigger, e.g. a
point about the structure of a text, or about one character continually
interrupting another in a speech. So this rule can be broken, sometimes but be
careful when you do!
Range of features:
While the most obvious thing to comment on when analysing a quotation
are the connotations of the words used you should try to consider as wide a
variety of literary features as possible. Remember, exams are all about showing
off and everyone can comment on connotations, so what is going to make you
different? You might talk about sounds, the rhythm, enjambment, the structure
of a piece, what’s foregrounded, what’s not, what’s missing, etc … The best
candidates will show how many different features, such as the connotations, the
sound and the length of a word work together to contribute to the effect it has
on the reader.
Don’t tell the story:
Your quotations should not just repeat what you have already said or be
used to ‘prove’ facts about the story. I don’t really care about the facts of
the story. I am more interested in the feelings, moods and ideas created. So,
for example, a sentence like this is not going to impress me much:
‘Dickens says Coketown
is a town full of factories and their chimneys: ‘It was a town of machinery and
tall chimneys.’
Well, and so what? You need to be talking about why Dickens said that
about Coketown, what impression was
he trying to create. A better example of analysis would be the following:
‘Dickens creates a picture of the
horrific conditions endured by most during the industrial revolution when he
describes Coketown as a grim, dirty and depressing
place: ‘a town of machinery and tall chimneys’.
Smoothly embed quotations:
The best way to use quotations, however, is to smoothly include them in
your sentence so they sound almost like your own words, rather than words than
quotations at all. For example:
‘Dickens creates a picture of Coketown as a grim, dirty and depressing place full of
‘machinery and tall chimneys’.
Notice how the quotation flows smoothly into the sentence with no break
at all. This is much more elegant than the big break that comes after phrases
like ‘when he says …’. Sometimes you can use [square
brackets] to alter the quotation a little bit so it fits smoothly in your
sentence butt he best candidates will be able to work quotations into their
sentences without much alteration.